![]() ![]() In such private settings an overt investigation requires a search warrant, but in the undercover context the search is deemed to be voluntary and hence there is no warrant requirement. The interaction can occur in places that are legally public and visible to the public, as on a street corner, or it may occur on private property and/or in places that are not visible. ![]() Alternately, the interaction can be of a more intimate nature, involving friends (or one who pretends to be a friend) and even family members who covertly gather evidence against those with whom they have a personal relationship. Consider the case of a police agent acting as a fence in a property theft sting, who pretends to be interested in purchasing stolen goods from whomever enters the storefront. But the presence of an active human agent who can influence the course of events sets the undercover investigation apart from more passive means of secretly gathering information. Undercover means are often used in conjunction with other covert means such as hidden video and audio recorders and location tracking devices. The defining characteristic of such investigations is secrecy with respect to the true identity or purposes of the actor(s). The informer may provide information and serve to introduce the police officer to the milieu, in return for leniency, financial benefits, or other benefits. The agent may be a sworn police officer or an informer with unique access to criminal milieu. Undercover investigations involve covert means of discovering information based on the actions of a human agent. ![]()
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